Art and the Handicraftsman / Oscar Wilde

PEOPLE often talk as if there was an opposition between what is

beautiful and what is useful. There is no opposition to beauty

except ugliness: all things are either beautiful or ugly, and

utility will be always on the side of the beautiful thing, because

beautiful decoration is always on the side of the beautiful thing,

because beautiful decoration is always an expression of the use you

put a thing to and the value placed on it. No workman will

beautifully decorate bad work, nor can you possibly get good

handicraftsmen or workmen without having beautiful designs. You

should be quite sure of that.

If you have poor and worthless

designs in any craft or trade you will get poor and worthless

workmen only, but the minute you have noble and beautiful designs,

then you get men of power and intellect and feeling to work for

you. By having good designs you have workmen who work not merely

with their hands but with their hearts and heads too; otherwise you

will get merely the fool or the loafer to work for you.

That the beauty of life is a thing of no moment, I suppose few

people would venture to assert. And yet most civilised people act

as if it were of none, and in so doing are wronging both themselves

and those that are to come after them. For that beauty which is

meant by art is no mere accident of human life which people can

take or leave, but a positive necessity of life if we are to live

as nature meant us to, that is to say unless we are content to be

less than men.

Do not think that the commercial spirit which is the basis of your

life and cities here is opposed to art. Who built the beautiful

cities of the world but commercial men and commercial men only?

Genoa built by its traders, Florence by its bankers, and Venice,

most lovely of all, by its noble and honest merchants.

I do not wish you, remember, 'to build a new Pisa,' nor to bring

'the life or the decorations of the thirteenth century back again.'

'The circumstances with which you must surround your workmen are

those' of modern American life, 'because the designs you have now

to ask for from your workmen are such as will make modern' American

'life beautiful.' The art we want is the art based on all the

inventions of modern civilisation, and to suit all the needs of

nineteenth-century life.

Do you think, for instance, that we object to machinery? I tell

you we reverence it; we reverence it when it does its proper work,

when it relieves man from ignoble and soulless labour, not when it

seeks to do that which is valuable only when wrought by the hands

and hearts of men. Let us have no machine-made ornament at all; it

is all bad and worthless and ugly. And let us not mistake the

means of civilisation for the end of civilisation; steam-engine,

telephone and the like, are all wonderful, but remember that their

value depends entirely on the noble uses we make of them, on the

noble spirit in which we employ them, not on the things themselves.

It is, no doubt, a great advantage to talk to a man at the

Antipodes through a telephone; its advantage depends entirely on

the value of what the two men have to say to one another. If one

merely shrieks slander through a tube and the other whispers folly

into a wire, do not think that anybody is very much benefited by

the invention.

The train that whirls an ordinary Englishman through Italy at the

rate of forty miles an hour and finally sends him home without any

memory of that lovely country but that he was cheated by a courier

at Rome, or that he got a bad dinner at Verona, does not do him or

civilisation much good. But that swift legion of fiery-footed

engines that bore to the burning ruins of Chicago the loving help

and generous treasure of the world was as noble and as beautiful as

any golden troop of angels that ever fed the hungry and clothed the

naked in the antique times. As beautiful, yes; all machinery may

be beautiful when it is undecorated even. Do not seek to decorate

it. We cannot but think all good machinery is graceful, also, the

line of strength and the line of beauty being one.

Give then, as I said, to your workmen of to-day the bright and

noble surroundings that you can yourself create. Stately and

simple architecture for your cities, bright and simple dress for

your men and women; those are the conditions of a real artistic

movement. For the artist is not concerned primarily with any

theory of life but with life itself, with the joy and loveliness

that should come daily on eye and ear for a beautiful external

world.

But the simplicity must not be barrenness nor the bright colour

gaudy. For all beautiful colours are graduated colours, the

colours that seem about to pass into one another's realm - colour

without tone being like music without harmony, mere discord.

Barren architecture, the vulgar and glaring advertisements that

desecrate not merely your cities but every rock and river that I

have seen yet in America - all this is not enough. A school of

design we must have too in each city. It should be a stately and

noble building, full of the best examples of the best art of the

world. Furthermore, do not put your designers in a barren

whitewashed room and bid them work in that depressing and

colourless atmosphere as I have seen many of the American schools

of design, but give them beautiful surroundings. Because you want

to produce a permanent canon and standard of taste in your workman,

he must have always by him and before him specimens of the best

decorative art of the world, so that you can say to him: 'This is

good work. Greek or Italian or Japanese wrought it so many years

ago, but it is eternally young because eternally beautiful.' Work

in this spirit and you will be sure to be right. Do not copy it,

but work with the same love, the same reverence, the same freedom

of imagination. You must teach him colour and design, how all

beautiful colours are graduated colours and glaring colours the

essence of vulgarity. Show him the quality of any beautiful work

of nature like the rose, or any beautiful work of art like an

Eastern carpet - being merely the exquisite gradation of colour,

one tone answering another like the answering chords of a symphony.

Teach him how the true designer is not he who makes the design and

then colours it, but he who designs in colour, creates in colour,

thinks in colour too. Show him how the most gorgeous stained-glass

windows of Europe are filled with white glass, and the most

gorgeous Eastern tapestry with toned colours - the primary colours

in both places being set in the white glass, and the tone colours

like brilliant jewels set in dusky gold. And then as regards

design, show him how the real designer will take first any given

limited space, little disk of silver, it may be, like a Greek coin,

or wide expanse of fretted ceiling or lordly wall as Tintoret chose

at Venice (it does not matter which), and to this limited space -

the first condition of decoration being the limitation of the size

of the material used - he will give the effect of its being filled

with beautiful decoration, filled with it as a golden cup will be

filled with wine, so complete that you should not be able to take

away anything from it or add anything to it. For from a good piece

of design you can take away nothing, nor can you add anything to

it, each little bit of design being as absolutely necessary and as

vitally important to the whole effect as a note or chord of music

is for a sonata of Beethoven.

But I said the effect of its being so filled, because this, again,

is of the essence of good design. With a simple spray of leaves

and a bird in flight a Japanese artist will give you the impression

that he has completely covered with lovely design the reed fan or

lacquer cabinet at which he is working, merely because he knows the

exact spot in which to place them. All good design depends on the

texture of the utensil used and the use you wish to put it to. One

of the first things I saw in an American school of design was a

young lady painting a romantic moonlight landscape on a large round

dish, and another young lady covering a set of dinner plates with a

series of sunsets of the most remarkable colours. Let your ladies

paint moonlight landscapes and sunsets, but do not let them paint

them on dinner plates or dishes. Let them take canvas or paper for

such work, but not clay or china. They are merely painting the

wrong subjects on the wrong material, that is all. They have not

been taught that every material and texture has certain qualities

of its own. The design suitable for one is quite wrong for the

other, just as the design which you should work on a flat table-

cover ought to be quite different from the design you would work on

a curtain, for the one will always be straight, the other broken

into folds; and the use too one puts the object to should guide one

in the choice of design. One does not want to eat one's terrapins

off a romantic moonlight nor one's clams off a harrowing sunset.

Glory of sun and moon, let them be wrought for us by our landscape

artist and be on the walls of the rooms we sit in to remind us of

the undying beauty of the sunsets that fade and die, but do not let

us eat our soup off them and send them down to the kitchen twice a

day to be washed and scrubbed by the handmaid.

All these things are simple enough, yet nearly always forgotten.

Your school of design here will teach your girls and your boys,

your handicraftsmen of the future (for all your schools of art

should be local schools, the schools of particular cities). We

talk of the Italian school of painting, but there is no Italian

school; there were the schools of each city. Every town in Italy,

from Venice itself, queen of the sea, to the little hill fortress

of Perugia, each had its own school of art, each different and all

beautiful.

So do not mind what art Philadelphia or New York is having, but

make by the hands of your own citizens beautiful art for the joy of

your own citizens, for you have here the primary elements of a

great artistic movement.

For, believe me, the conditions of art are much simpler than people

imagine. For the noblest art one requires a clear healthy

atmosphere, not polluted as the air of our English cities is by the

smoke and grime and horridness which comes from open furnace and

from factory chimney. You must have strong, sane, healthy physique

among your men and women. Sickly or idle or melancholy people do

not do much in art. And lastly, you require a sense of

individualism about each man and woman, for this is the essence of

art - a desire on the part of man to express himself in the noblest

way possible. And this is the reason that the grandest art of the

world always came from a republic: Athens, Venice, and Florence -

there were no kings there and so their art was as noble and simple

as sincere. But if you want to know what kind of art the folly of

kings will impose on a country look at the decorative art of France

under the GRAND MONARQUE, under Louis the Fourteenth; the gaudy

gilt furniture writhing under a sense of its own horror and

ugliness, with a nymph smirking at every angle and a dragon

mouthing on every claw. Unreal and monstrous art this, and fit

only for such periwigged pomposities as the nobility of France at

that time, but not at all fit for you or me. We do not want the

rich to possess more beautiful things but the poor to create more

beautiful things; for ever man is poor who cannot create. Nor

shall the art which you and I need be merely a purple robe woven by

a slave and thrown over the whitened body of some leprous king to

adorn or to conceal the sin of his luxury, but rather shall it be

the noble and beautiful expression of a people's noble and

beautiful life. Art shall be again the most glorious of all the

chords through which the spirit of a great nation finds its noblest

utterance.

All around you, I said, lie the conditions for a great artistic

movement for every great art. Let us think of one of them; a

sculptor, for instance.

If a modern sculptor were to come and say, 'Very well, but where

can one find subjects for sculpture out of men who wear frock-coats

and chimney-pot hats?' I would tell him to go to the docks of a

great city and watch the men loading or unloading the stately

ships, working at wheel or windlass, hauling at rope or gangway. I

have never watched a man do anything useful who has not been

graceful at some moment of his labour: it is only the loafer and

the idle saunterer who is as useless and uninteresting to the

artist as he is to himself. I would ask the sculptor to go with me

to any of your schools or universities, to the running ground and

gymnasium, to watch the young men start for a race, hurling quoit

or club, kneeling to tie their shoes before leaping, stepping from

the boat or bending to the oar, and to carve them; and when he was

weary of cities I would ask him to come to your fields and meadows

to watch the reaper with his sickle and the cattle-driver with

lifted lasso. For if a man cannot find the noblest motives for his

art in such simple daily things as a woman drawing water from the

well or a man leaning with his scythe, he will not find them

anywhere at all. Gods and goddesses the Greek carved because he

loved them; saint and king the Goth because he believed in them.

But you, you do not care much for Greek gods and goddesses, and you

are perfectly and entirely right; and you do not think much of

kings either, and you are quite right. But what you do love are

your own men and women, your own flowers and fields, your own hills

and mountains, and these are what your art should represent to you.

Ours has been the first movement which has brought the

handicraftsman and the artist together, for remember that by

separating the one from the other you do ruin to both; you rob the

one of all spiritual motive and all imaginative joy, you isolate

the other from all real technical perfection. The two greatest

schools of art in the world, the sculptor at Athens and the school

of painting at Venice, had their origin entirely in a long

succession of simple and earnest handicraftsmen. It was the Greek

potter who taught the sculptor that restraining influence of design

which was the glory of the Parthenon; it was the Italian decorator

of chests and household goods who kept Venetian painting always

true to its primary pictorial condition of noble colour. For we

should remember that all the arts are fine arts and all the arts

decorative arts. The greatest triumph of Italian painting was the

decoration of a pope's chapel in Rome and the wall of a room in

Venice. Michael Angelo wrought the one, and Tintoret, the dyer's

son, the other. And the little 'Dutch landscape, which you put

over your sideboard to-day, and between the windows to-morrow, is'

no less a glorious 'piece of work than the extents of field and

forest with which Benozzo has made green and beautiful the once

melancholy arcade of the Campo Santo at Pisa,' as Ruskin says.

Do not imitate the works of a nation, Greek or Japanese, Italian or

English; but their artistic spirit of design and their artistic

attitude to-day, their own world, you should absorb but imitate

never, copy never. Unless you can make as beautiful a design in

painted china or embroidered screen or beaten brass out of your

American turkey as the Japanese does out of his grey silver-winged

stork, you will never do anything. Let the Greek carve his lions

and the Goth his dragons: buffalo and wild deer are the animals

for you.

Golden rod and aster and rose and all the flowers that cover your

valleys in the spring and your hills in the autumn: let them be

the flowers for your art. Not merely has Nature given you the

noblest motives for a new school of decoration, but to you above

all other countries has she given the utensils to work in.

You have quarries of marble richer than Pentelicus, more varied

than Paros, but do not build a great white square house of marble

and think that it is beautiful, or that you are using marble nobly.

If you build in marble you must either carve it into joyous

decoration, like the lives of dancing children that adorn the

marble castles of the Loire, or fill it with beautiful sculpture,

frieze and pediment, as the Greeks did, or inlay it with other

coloured marbles as they did in Venice. Otherwise you had better

build in simple red brick as your Puritan fathers, with no pretence

and with some beauty. Do not treat your marble as if it was

ordinary stone and build a house of mere blocks of it. For it is

indeed a precious stone, this marble of yours, and only workmen of

nobility of invention and delicacy of hand should be allowed to

touch it at all, carving it into noble statues or into beautiful

decoration, or inlaying it with other coloured marbles: for 'the

true colours of architecture are those of natural stone, and I

would fain see them taken advantage of to the full. Every variety

is here, from pale yellow to purple passing through orange, red,

and brown, entirely at your command; nearly every kind of green and

grey also is attainable, and with these and with pure white what

harmony might you not achieve. Of stained and variegated stone the

quantity is unlimited, the kinds innumerable. Were brighter

colours required, let glass, and gold protected by glass, be used

in mosaic, a kind of work as durable as the solid stone and

incapable of losing its lustre by time. And let the painter's work

be reserved for the shadowed loggia and inner chamber.

'This is the true and faithful way of building. Where this cannot

be, the device of external colouring may indeed be employed without

dishonour - but it must be with the warning reflection that a time

will come when such aids will pass away and when the building will

be judged in its lifelessness, dying the death of the dolphin.

Better the less bright, more enduring fabric. The transparent

alabasters of San Miniato and the mosaics of Saint Mark's are more

warmly filled and more brightly touched by every return of morning

and evening, while the hues of the Gothic cathedrals have died like

the iris out of the cloud, and the temples, whose azure and purple

once flamed above the Grecian promontory, stand in their faded

whiteness like snows which the sunset has left cold.' - Ruskin,

SEVEN LAMPS OF ARCHITECTURE, II.

I do not know anything so perfectly commonplace in design as most

modern jewellery. How easy for you to change that and to produce

goldsmiths' work that would be a joy to all of us. The gold is

ready for you in unexhausted treasure, stored up in the mountain

hollow or strewn on the river sand, and was not given to you merely

for barren speculation. There should be some better record of it

left in your history than the merchant's panic and the ruined home.

We do not remember often enough how constantly the history of a

great nation will live in and by its art. Only a few thin wreaths

of beaten gold remain to tell us of the stately empire of Etruria;

and, while from the streets of Florence the noble knight and

haughty duke have long since passed away, the gates which the

simple goldsmith Ghiberti made for their pleasure still guard their

lovely house of baptism, worthy still of the praise of Michael

Angelo who called them worthy to be the Gates of Paradise.

Have then your school of design, search out your workmen and, when

you find one who has delicacy of hand and that wonder of invention

necessary for goldsmiths' work, do not leave him to toil in

obscurity and dishonour and have a great glaring shop and two great

glaring shop-boys in it (not to take your orders: they never do

that; but to force you to buy something you do not want at all).

When you want a thing wrought in gold, goblet or shield for the

feast, necklace or wreath for the women, tell him what you like

most in decoration, flower or wreath, bird in flight or hound in

the chase, image of the woman you love or the friend you honour.

Watch him as he beats out the gold into those thin plates delicate

as the petals of a yellow rose, or draws it into the long wires

like tangled sunbeams at dawn. Whoever that workman be, help him,

cherish him, and you will have such lovely work from his hand as

will be a joy to you for all time.

This is the spirit of our movement in England, and this is the

spirit in which we would wish you to work, making eternal by your

art all that is noble in your men and women, stately in your lakes

and mountains, beautiful in your own flowers and natural life. We

want to see that you have nothing in your houses that has not been

a joy to the man who made it, and is not a joy to those that use

it. We want to see you create an art made by the hands of the

people to please the hearts of the people too. Do you like this

spirit or not? Do you think it simple and strong, noble in its

aim, and beautiful in its result? I know you do.

Folly and slander have their own way for a little time, but for a

little time only. You now know what we mean: you will be able to

estimate what is said of us - its value and its motive.

There should be a law that no ordinary newspaper should be allowed

to write about art. The harm they do by their foolish and random

writing it would be impossible to overestimate - not to the artist

but to the public, blinding them to all, but harming the artist not

at all. Without them we would judge a man simply by his work; but

at present the newspapers are trying hard to induce the public to

judge a sculptor, for instance, never by his statues but by the way

he treats his wife; a painter by the amount of his income and a

poet by the colour of his neck-tie. I said there should be a law,

but there is really no necessity for a new law: nothing could be

easier than to bring the ordinary critic under the head of the

criminal classes. But let us leave such an inartistic subject and

return to beautiful and comely things, remembering that the art

which would represent the spirit of modern newspapers would be

exactly the art which you and I want to avoid - grotesque art,

malice mocking you from every gateway, slander sneering at you from

every corner.

Perhaps you may be surprised at my talking of labour and the

workman. You have heard of me, I fear, through the medium of your

somewhat imaginative newspapers as, if not a 'Japanese young man,'

at least a young man to whom the rush and clamour and reality of

the modern world were distasteful, and whose greatest difficulty in

life was the difficulty of living up to the level of his blue china

- a paradox from which England has not yet recovered.

Well, let me tell you how it first came to me at all to create an

artistic movement in England, a movement to show the rich what

beautiful things they might enjoy and the poor what beautiful

things they might create.

One summer afternoon in Oxford - 'that sweet city with her dreaming

spires,' lovely as Venice in its splendour, noble in its learning

as Rome, down the long High Street that winds from tower to tower,

past silent cloister and stately gateway, till it reaches that

long, grey seven-arched bridge which Saint Mary used to guard (used

to, I say, because they are now pulling it down to build a tramway

and a light cast-iron bridge in its place, desecrating the

loveliest city in England) - well, we were coming down the street -

a troop of young men, some of them like myself only nineteen, going

to river or tennis-court or cricket-field - when Ruskin going up to

lecture in cap and gown met us. He seemed troubled and prayed us

to go back with him to his lecture, which a few of us did, and

there he spoke to us not on art this time but on life, saying that

it seemed to him to be wrong that all the best physique and

strength of the young men in England should be spent aimlessly on

cricket ground or river, without any result at all except that if

one rowed well one got a pewter-pot, and if one made a good score,

a cane-handled bat. He thought, he said, that we should be working

at something that would do good to other people, at something by

which we might show that in all labour there was something noble.

Well, we were a good deal moved, and said we would do anything he

wished. So he went out round Oxford and found two villages, Upper

and Lower Hinksey, and between them there lay a great swamp, so

that the villagers could not pass from one to the other without

many miles of a round. And when we came back in winter he asked us

to help him to make a road across this morass for these village

people to use. So out we went, day after day, and learned how to

lay levels and to break stones, and to wheel barrows along a plank

- a very difficult thing to do. And Ruskin worked with us in the

mist and rain and mud of an Oxford winter, and our friends and our

enemies came out and mocked us from the bank. We did not mind it

much then, and we did not mind it afterwards at all, but worked

away for two months at our road. And what became of the road?

Well, like a bad lecture it ended abruptly - in the middle of the

swamp. Ruskin going away to Venice, when we came back for the next

term there was no leader, and the 'diggers,' as they called us,

fell asunder. And I felt that if there was enough spirit amongst

the young men to go out to such work as road-making for the sake of

a noble ideal of life, I could from them create an artistic

movement that might change, as it has changed, the face of England.

So I sought them out - leader they would call me - but there was no

leader: we were all searchers only and we were bound to each other

by noble friendship and by noble art. There was none of us idle:

poets most of us, so ambitious were we: painters some of us, or

workers in metal or modellers, determined that we would try and

create for ourselves beautiful work: for the handicraftsman

beautiful work, for those who love us poems and pictures, for those

who love us not epigrams and paradoxes and scorn.

Well, we have done something in England and we will do something

more. Now, I do not want you, believe me, to ask your brilliant

young men, your beautiful young girls, to go out and make a road on

a swamp for any village in America, but I think you might each of

you have some art to practise.

We must have, as Emerson said, a mechanical craft for our culture,

a basis for our higher accomplishments in the work of our hands -

the uselessness of most people's hands seems to me one of the most

unpractical things. 'No separation from labour can be without some

loss of power or truth to the seer,' says Emerson again. The

heroism which would make on us the impression of Epaminondas must

be that of a domestic conqueror. The hero of the future is he who

shall bravely and gracefully subdue this Gorgon of fashion and of

convention.

When you have chosen your own part, abide by it, and do not weakly

try and reconcile yourself with the world. The heroic cannot be

the common nor the common the heroic. Congratulate yourself if you

have done something strange and extravagant and broken the monotony

of a decorous age.

And lastly, let us remember that art is the one thing which Death

cannot harm. The little house at Concord may be desolate, but the

wisdom of New England's Plato is not silenced nor the brilliancy of

that Attic genius dimmed: the lips of Longfellow are still musical

for us though his dust be turning into the flowers which he loved:

and as it is with the greater artists, poet and philosopher and

song-bird, so let it be with you.